Sub-Surface Toruses Project Polygons onto the Surface

 The subtitle of an article posted to livescience.com caught my eye this morning:

"Physicists have finally uncovered the mechanism behind the spectacular patchwork of hexagons on salt flats. The answer lies hidden beneath the crust and works like a donut-shaped radiator."

Anytime I see "donut-shaped," I'm interested.  Here's the abstract about the phenomenon at Physics Review:

Salt Polygons and Porous Media Convection

Jana Lasser, Joanna M. Nield, Marcel Ernst, Volker Karius, Giles F. S. Wiggs, Matthew R. Threadgold, Cédric Beaume, and Lucas Goehring

Phys. Rev. X 13, 011025 – Published 24 February 2023

"From fairy circles to patterned ground and columnar joints, natural patterns spontaneously appear in many complex geophysical settings. Here, we investigate the origins of polygonally patterned crusts of salt playa and salt pans. These beautifully regular features, approximately a meter in diameter, are found worldwide and are fundamentally important to the transport of salt and dust in arid regions. We show that they are consistent with the surface expression of buoyancy-driven convection in the porous soil beneath a salt crust. By combining quantitative results from direct field observations, analog experiments, and numerical simulations, we further determine the conditions under which salt polygons should form, as well as how their characteristic size emerges." 

more from Physics Focus:

Salt flats, deserts, and dry lakes host mysterious and still unexplained patterns of interlocked polygons formed from narrow ridges that grow on the salt-encrusted ground. Now researchers believe they can explain how these patterns form through the interaction between fluid flowing in the soil and fluid evaporating at the surface [1]. The new work appears to offer a unifying explanation for the growth of such polygons in a wide range of different physical conditions.

Salt polygons form in regions where the rate of evaporation of water from the ground significantly exceeds the rate of precipitation. In such places, evaporation at the surface is balanced by a continuous flow of groundwater from more distant sources. For example, Badwater Basin in Death Valley, California, is supplied by water from the nearby mountains. This water rises to the surface and leads to continuous evaporation, even in the absence of rainfall, and it leaves a salt residue behind. But why these residues form into ridges that trace out polygonal patterns has remained mysterious. Also puzzling is why the patterns turn out to be so similar wherever they occur, despite local differences in geology, salt chemistry, and environmental conditions.

“Salt deserts are some of the most beautiful landscapes in the world,” says physicist Jana Lasser of the Graz University of Technology in Austria. The polygons are “always a few meters across, but no one has been able to explain the origins of these patterns with their distinctive size and shape.”

To find an explanation, Lasser and her colleagues developed a mathematical model of the processes occurring at and just beneath the surface. This model, based on fluid dynamics and other geophysical principles, predicts that a typical dry lake bed will develop a heavy salt-rich layer of fluid near its surface as a result of the salty residue above.

This dense, salty layer rests unstably on top of less-dense fluid below. If the driving force of evaporation is sufficiently strong, a convective flow develops in the fluid: saltier water sinks and less-salty water rises, which generates upward- and downward-flowing columns of fluid, like those that appear in boiling water. Using fluid parameters characteristic of real salt lake beds, the researchers predict these so-called convection rolls to be roughly 1–2 m across—suspiciously similar to the sizes of observed polygons.

In simulations, the team went further to study the long-term evolution of this fluid flow. The simulations show that the convection rolls ultimately generate a set of narrow plumes of high-salinity water descending from the surface. These plumes then form into a closed polygonal network of downwelling vertical sheets that surround patches of upwelling fluid.

This network of convection rolls, Lasser says, drives the formation of the salt ridges. In the interior of each convection cell, where low-salinity water flows upward, the salt crust grows more slowly because it is in contact with less-salty water. In contrast, at the cell boundaries located directly above the downwelling sheets, a higher flux of salt flows upward into the crust. As a result, narrow ridges grow rapidly and build the polygonal network pattern.

To test this model, Lasser and her colleagues used detailed simulations of the fluid dynamics model and compared these with observations from field sites, including Death Valley. Excavating beneath the ridge pattern, they found evidence of salty, down-flowing plumes, exactly as predicted, with fresher water flowing upward in the flat centers of the polygons. Overall, the researchers found that their model could explain not only the basic emergent patterns, but also the key length scales—the widths of both the convective cells and the salt ridges.

“This research presents compelling evidence that salt polygons are the surface signature of this convection mechanism,” says mathematician Duncan Hewitt of University College London. “It’s a rather beautiful result, which provides a potential explanation for a widely observed geological pattern.”

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Open access publication funded by the Max Planck Society.

    *************************************************    

It seems to me that we can apply this type of projection to all manner of emanations from unseen toruses "under the surface." As you know, A Simple Explanation of Absolutely Everything proposes that there is an unseen torus associated with all projections of matter in our universe. I see this polygonal shape in leaves and skin cells. Couldn't we use this same analysis to explain their shapes, as well?