Reprint: Possible Detection of an Impossibly Large Black Hole

A friend of the Simple Explanation blog sent me this article, which I am sharing with you. It is yet another example that proves, if nothing else, that scientists do not really understand the universe. Couple this article with the previous article published on this blog, and you and you can see that science is flailing about, trying to write a narrative of the universe that will keep up with their latest measurements. The Simple Explanation of black holes becomes increasingly plausible, as I predicted it would.

Possible Detection of a Black Hole So Big It ‘Should Not Exist’

Black hole physicists have been excitedly discussing reports that the LIGO and Virgo gravitational-wave detectors recently picked up the signal of an unexpectedly enormous black hole, one with a mass that was thought to be physically impossible.

“The prediction is no black holes, not even a few” in this mass range, wrote Stan Woosley, an astrophysicist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in an email. “But of course we know nature often finds a way.”

Seven experts contacted by Quanta said they’d heard that among the 22 flurries of gravitational waves detected by LIGO and Virgo since April, one of the signals came from a collision involving a black hole of unanticipated heft — purportedly as heavy as 100 suns. LIGO/Virgo team members would neither confirm nor deny the rumored detection.

Chris Belczynski, an astrophysicist at Warsaw University, previously felt so sure that such a large specimen wouldn’t be seen that in 2017 he placed a bet with colleagues. “I think we are about to lose the bet,” Belczynski said, “and for the good of science!”

Belczynski’s former confidence came from the fact that such a big black hole can’t form in the usual way.

Black holes — dense, paradox-ridden spheres whose gravity traps everything, even light — form from the contracting cores of fuel-spent stars. But in 1967, three physicists at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem realized that when the core of a dying star is very heavy, it won’t gravitationally collapse into a black hole. Instead, the star will undergo a “pair-instability supernova,” an explosion that totally annihilates it in a matter of seconds, leaving nothing behind. “The star is completely dispersed into space,” the three physicists wrote.

A pair-instability supernova happens when the core grows so hot that light begins to spontaneously convert into electron-positron pairs. The light’s radiation pressure had kept the star’s core intact; when the light transforms into matter, the resulting pressure drop causes the core to rapidly shrink and become even hotter, further accelerating pair production and causing a runaway effect. Eventually the core gets so hot that oxygen ignites. This fully reverses the core’s implosion, so that it explodes instead. For cores with a mass between about 65 and 130 times that of our sun (according to current estimates), the star is completely obliterated. Cores between about 50 and 65 solar masses pulsate, shedding mass in a series of explosions until they drop below the range where pair instability occurs. Thus there should be no black holes with masses in the 50-to-130-solar-mass range.

“The prediction comes from straightforward calculations,” said Woosley, whose 2002 study of this “pair-instability mass gap” is considered definitive.

Black holes can exist on the other side of the mass gap, weighing in at more than 130 solar masses, because the runaway implosion of such heavy stellar cores can’t be stopped, even by oxygen fusion; instead, they continue to collapse and form black holes. But because stars shed mass throughout their lives, a star would need to be born weighing at least 300 suns in order to end up as a 130-solar-mass core, and such behemoths are rare. For this reason, most experts assumed black holes detected by LIGO and Virgo should top out at around 50 solar masses, the lower end of the mass gap. (The million- and billion-solar-mass supermassive black holes that anchor galaxies’ centers formed differently, and rather mysteriously, in the early universe. LIGO and Virgo are not mechanically capable of detecting the collisions of supermassive black holes.)

That said, a few experts did boldly predict that black holes in the mass gap would be seen — hence the 2017 bet.

At a meeting that February at the Aspen Center for Physics, Belczynski and Daniel Holz of the University of Chicago wagered that “black holes should not exist in the mass range between 55 and 130 solar masses because of pair instability,” and thus that none would be detected among LIGO/Virgo’s first 100 signals. Woosley later co-signed with Belczynski and Holz.

But Carl Rodriguez of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Sourav Chatterjee of the Tata Institute for Fundamental Research in Mumbai, India, later joined by Fred Rasio of Northwestern University, bet against them, wagering that a black hole would indeed be detected in the mass gap, because there’s a roundabout way for these plus-size black holes to form.

Whereas most of the colliding black holes that wiggle LIGO and Virgo’s instruments probably originated as pairs of isolated stars (binary star systems being common in the cosmos), Rodriguez and his co-signers argue that a fraction of the detected collisions occur in dense stellar environments such as globular clusters. The black holes swing around in one another’s gravity, and sometimes they catch each other and merge, like big fish swallowing smaller ones in a pond.

Inside a globular cluster, a 50-solar-mass black hole could merge with a 30-solar-mass one, for instance, and then the resulting giant could merge again. This second-generation merger is what LIGO/Virgo might have detected — a lucky catch of the big fish in the pond. “This can really only happen in clusters,” Rodriguez said. If the rumor is true, he, Chatterjee and Rasio will each receive a $100 bottle of wine from Belczynski, Holz and Woosley.

But there are other possible origin stories for the putative big black hole. Perhaps it started out in an isolated binary star system. After the first star collapsed into a black hole, it might have grown by stripping matter from its companion star. Later, the second star would have collapsed as well, then eventually the two would have collided and merged, sending gravitational waves cascading through the fabric of space-time.

The LIGO/Virgo team quickly announces every potential gravitational-wave event and the region of sky from which it originated, so that other telescopes can swivel in that direction. But the tight-lipped team has yet to publish detailed information about any event from the current observing run that began in April, such as the inferred sizes of the colliding objects. The team plans to reveal all by the spring of 2020 at the latest. If the oversize black hole is among the results, the analysis should also reveal how fast the hole and its companion were spinning when they collided; this information will help favor one origin story or the other, or neither.

The rumor is “pushing us to alternative formation mechanisms,” said Chris Fryer, an astrophysicist at Los Alamos National Laboratory who has studied binary black hole formation and the mass gap. “In any event it will be an exciting event — if it’s true.”

As for Woosley, he still feels certain the mass gap exists, despite possible exceptions. “A likely outcome will be that when we have hundreds of black holes, we will indeed see a cliff at around 50,” he said, “but with a few events in the gap because nature abhors a vacuum.”

This article was reprinted on TheAtlantic.com.

Scientists are starting to catch up to the toroidal universe model

Here's a very good article describing one scientist's realization that black holes are actually dark energy stars. This is what the Simple Explanation has proposed for the past many years now. Jump to the end of this reprint to read my Gnostic take on dark energy. Meanwhile, here's the reprint:

Are Black Holes Actually Dark Energy Stars?

Why one physicist believes our whole understanding of black holes is wrong.

Nautilus|

• Jesse Stone

Black Hole vs. Dark Energy Star: When viewed from the top down, a dark energy star has a central opening, the donut hole. Chapline believes that matter and energy rotating around the central opening (forming the “ring of fire”) is the source of the astrophysical jets observed by astronomers in the vicinity of what most believe to be black holes.

George Chapline believes that the Event Horizon Telescope will offer evidence that black holes are really dark energy stars. Photo by NASA.

What does the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way look like? Early next year, we might find out. The Event Horizon Telescope—really a virtual telescope with an effective diameter of the Earth—has been pointing at Sagittarius A* for the last several years. Most researchers in the astrophysics community expect that its images, taken from telescopes all over the Earth, will show the telltale signs of a black hole: a bright swirl of light, produced by a disc of gases trapped in the black hole’s orbit, surrounding a black shadow at the center—the event horizon. This encloses the region of space where the black-hole singularity’s gravitational pull is too strong for light to escape.

But George Chapline, a physicist at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, doesn’t expect to see a black hole. He doesn’t believe they’re real. In 2005, he told Nature that “it’s a near certainty that black holes don’t exist” and—building on previous work he’d done with physics Nobel laureate Robert Laughlin—introduced an alternative model that he dubbed “dark energy stars.” Dark energy is a term physicists use to describe a peculiar kind of energy that appears to permeate the entire universe. It expands the fabric of spacetime itself, even as gravity attempts to bring objects closer together. Chapline believes that the immense energies in a collapsing star cause its protons and neutrons to decay into a gas of photons and other elementary particles, along with what he refers to as “droplets of vacuum energy.” These form a “condensed” phase of spacetime—much like a gas under enough pressure transitions to liquid—that has a much higher density of dark energy than the spacetime surrounding the star. This provides the pressure necessary to hold gravity at bay and prevent a singularity from forming. Without a singularity in spacetime, there is no black hole.

The idea has found no support in the astrophysical community—over the last decade, Chapline’s papers on this topic have garnered only single-digit citations. His most popular paper in particle physics, by contrast, has been cited over 600 times. But Chapline suspects his days of wandering in the scientific wilderness may soon be over. He believes that the Event Horizon Telescope will offer evidence that dark energy stars are real.

This strange toroidal geometry isn’t a bug of dark energy stars, but a feature.

The idea goes back to a 2000 paper, with Evan Hohlfeld and David Santiago, in which Chapline and Laughlin modeled spacetime as a Bose-Einstein condensate—a state of matter that arises when taking an extremely low-density gas to extremely low temperatures, near absolute zero. Chapline and Laughlin’s model is quantum mechanical in nature: General relativity emerges as a consequence of the way that the spacetime condensate behaves on large scales. Spacetime in this model also undergoes phase transformations when it gains or loses energy. Other scientists find this to be a promising path, too. A 2009 paper by a group of Japanese physicists stated that “[Bose-Einstein Condensates] are one of the most promising quantum fluids for” analogizing curved spacetime. 

Chapline and Laughlin argue that they can describe the collapsed stars that most scientists take to be black holes as regions where spacetime has undergone a phase transition. They find that the laws of general relativity are valid everywhere in the vicinity of the collapsed star, except at the event horizon, which marks the boundary between two different phases of spacetime.

In the condensate model the event horizon surrounding a collapsed star is no longer a point of no return but instead a traversable, physical surface. This feature, along with the lack of a singularity that is the signature feature of black holes, means that paradoxes associated with black holes, like the destruction of information, don’t arise. Laughlin has been reticent to conjecture too far beyond his and Chapline’s initial ideas. He believes Chapline is onto something with dark energy stars, “but where we part company is in the amount of speculating we are willing to do about what ‘phase’ of the vacuum might be inside” what most scientists call black holes, Laughlin said. He’s holding off until experimental data reveals more about the interior phase. “I will then write my second paper on the subject,” he said.

In recent years Chapline has continued to refine his dark energy star model in collaboration with several other authors, including Pawel Mazur of the University of South Carolina and Piotr Marecki of Leipzig University. He’s concluded that dark energy stars aren’t spherical or oblate, like black holes. Instead, they have the shape of a torus, or donut. In a rotating compact object, like a dark energy star, Chapline believes quantum effects in the spacetime condensate generate a large vortex along the object’s axis of rotation. Because the region inside the vortex is empty—think of the depression that forms at the center of whirlpool—the center of the dark energy star is hollow, like an apple without its core. A similar effect is observed when quantum mechanics is used to model rotating drops of superfluid. There too, a central vortex can form at the center of a rotating drop and, surprisingly, change its shape from a sphere to a torus.  

In the condensate model the event horizon surrounding a collapsed star is no longer a point of no return but instead a traversable, physical surface.

For Chapline, this strange toroidal geometry isn’t a bug of dark energy stars, but a feature, as it helps explain the origin and shape of astrophysical jets—the highly energetic beams of ionized matter that are generated along the axis of rotation of a compact object like a black hole. Chapline believes he’s identified a mechanism in dark energy stars that explains observations of astrophysical jets better than mainstream ones, which posit that energy is extracted from the accretion disk outside of a black hole and focused into a narrow beam along the black hole’s axis of rotation. To Chapline, matter and energy falling toward a dark energy star would make its way to the inner throat (the “donut hole”), where electrons orbiting the throat would, as in a Biermann Battery, generate magnetic fields powerful enough to drive the jets. 

Chapline points to recent experimental work where scientists, at the OMEGA Laser Facility at the University of Rochester, created magnetized jets using lasers to form a ring-like excitation on a flat surface. Though the experiments were not conducted with dark energy stars in mind, Chapline believes it provides support for his theory since the ring-like excitation—Chapline calls it a “ring of fire”—is exactly what he would expect to happen along the throat of a dark energy star. He believes the ring could be the key to supporting the existence of dark energy stars. “This ought to eventually show up clearly” in the Event Horizon Telescope images, Chapline said, referring to the ring.  

Chapline also points out that dark energy stars will not be completely opaque to light, as matter and light can pass into, but also out of, a dark energy star. A dark energy star won’t have a completely black interior—instead it will show a distorted image of any stars behind it. Other physicists, though, are skeptical that these kinds of deviations from conventional black hole models would show up in the Event Horizon Telescope data. Raul Carballo-Rubio, a physicist at the International School for Advanced Studies, in Trieste, Italy, has developed his own alternative model to black holes known as semi-classical relativistic stars. Speaking more generally about alternative black hole models Caraballo-Rubio said, “The differences [with black holes] that would arise in these models are too minute to be detected” by the Event Horizon Telescope. 

Chapline plans to discuss his dark energy star predictions in December, at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara. But even if his predictions are confirmed, he said he doesn’t expect the scientific community to become convinced overnight. “I expect that for the next few years the [Event Horizon Telescope] people will be confused by what they see.”

Jesse Stone is a freelance writer based in Iowa City, Iowa. Reach him at jessebstone@gmail.com.

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The Simple Explanation suggests that there is a toroidal force that feeds our universe information and coherence from the Universal Unit of Consciousness. The Simple Explanation hypothesizes that our space is seeded with tiny toruses kicking out information. These toruses are also kicking out coherence in the form of gravity, which attracts ordinary matter to itself. These energetic toruses are the seeds of stars and galaxies, and they throw toroidal patterns into the space surrounding the large objects in which they nest. The dark energy force counteracts entropy and it is causing space to expand at a more rapid rate than before.

Yesterday I ran across an article in National Geographic that expressed confusion over the roles of dark matter and dark energy in galaxy formation. "This Galaxy Has Almost No Dark Matter, and Scientists Are Baffled." Scientists had observed a "halo of dark matter" surrounding all galaxies and had hypothesized that galaxies are formed by dark matter pressing in from the outside and thereby capturing the aggregations of matter that form the galaxy.  But then they found this galaxy with no dark matter halo and that blew the theory of galaxy formation.

My Simple Explanation is that the reason there is a dark matter "halo" (read "torus") around galaxies is because the dark energy torus at the galaxy's center pushes the dark matter outward to the galaxy's edge, like a giant leaf blower blowing the dark matter out of the garden and leaving the carved out impression of the torus at the edge. The dark matter is wispy and easy to push around. The torus at the center is powerful, and it gathers the ordinary material to itself to build, in a coherent fashion, the objects that surround it.

The Gnostic Gospel identifies the dark energy as Logos and the ALL repairing the mess that started out as the Imitation. The Tripartite Tractate describes how the Imitation, the Deficiency, was only step one in creation, with a quick adjustment that halted production of the Dark Ones until a more "reasonable" form of matter could be produced that combined light with matter, leading to the eventual redemption of matter by mind and spirit. This will be simply explained in my continuing Gnostic Cosmology series. But meanwhile, you can see the evidence for yourself in the NASA illustrations included with this article.

By borrowing information from the unlikely source of an ancient wisdom book that lay buried under Egyptian sand for almost 2,000 years, we have generated several scientific predictions that will prove or disprove my hypotheses. This Gnostic creation story claims that the first material objects in our universe were dark matter. Light and ordinary matter followed later and began a never-ending dance with dark matter. And then, much later, about the time of our solar system's formation, the dark energy faucet turned up and began streaming coherence into our universe at ever-increasing rate, expanding the size of our universe. 

Black hole breakthrough demonstrates toroidal universal forces

The hallmark of a good theory is that when you predict an outcome from an experiment, and that outcome occurs, the evidence supports the hypothesis. Do this enough times, and the theory is considered increasingly sound. The Simple Explanation physics and cosmology continues to hold up to emerging data. Every new discovery proves my theory. Now the latest computer modeling demonstrates the toroidal nature of universal forces. As predicted. Here is a reprint from sky news.Enjoy!begin reprint:

Simulation of universe provides black hole breakthrough

The most detailed-ever computer model of the universe has allowed scientists to reveal how its most mysterious forces work.    14:25, UK,Thursday 01 February 2018

Image:Visualisation of the intensity of shock waves in cosmic gas. Pic: IllustrisTNG collaboration

The most detailed simulation of the universe ever created has provided a breakthrough revealing how the most powerful and mysterious forces interact on an enormous scale.

Scientists said the detail and scale provided by the simulation enabled them to watch how galaxies formed, evolved and grew while also nursing the creation of new stars.

Dr Shy Genel, at the New York-based Flatiron Institute's Centre for Computational Astrophysics (CCA), said: "When we observe galaxies using a telescope, we can only measure certain quantities."

But "with the simulation, we can track all the properties for all these galaxies. And not just how the galaxy looks now, but its entire formation history", he added.

He said the simulation is the most advanced ever developed.

Using specialised computational methods, scientists have developed a computer model of the universe which has allowed them to write three ground-breaking papers which have been published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

An international team of scientists led by Volker Springel at the Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies developed and programmed the simulation of the universe, named "Illustris: The Next Generation" or IllustrisTNG for short.

Video:Black hole 'relativistic jets' seen wobbling

Dr Dylan Nelson of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics used the simulation to reveal how star-forming galaxies shine brightly in the blue light of their young stars until an evolutionary shift suddenly halts the star formation, turning the galaxy into one dominated by old, rest stars.

a Simple Explanation comment by cyd:  


If I understand the video illustration correctly, the twirling torus illustrated on the left precesses about the axis like a wobbling top.   At some point, it stops wobbling and freezes in a particular spatial orientation, as illustrated by the torus on the right.  In the paragraph above by Dr Dylan Nelson, this evolutionary shift is when star formation ends and only old, resting stars remain. 
This mechanism could be similar to what happens at the sub-atomic level with the tiny tori at the center of each sub-atomic particle. It may be that the tori bubble up as proto-energetic forms, twirling about their axis until the "spaghetti gets tangled" coming out of the exit jets and they then freeze in orientation and range of motion.  i.e. they tiny toroidal "black holes" at the center of every sub-atomic particle freeze into apparent solid matter at the point when they settle into the fixed polar orientation.

"The only physical entity capable of extinguishing the star formation in our large elliptical galaxies are the supermassive black holes at their centres," explained Dr Nelson.

"The ultrafast outflows of these gravity traps reach velocities up to 10% of the speed of light and affect giant stellar systems that are billions of times larger than the comparably small black hole itself."

"It is particularly fascinating that we can accurately predict the influence of supermassive black holes on the distribution of matter out to large scales," said Dr Springel. "This is crucial for reliably interpreting forthcoming cosmological measurements."

IllustrisTNG is a model of a cube-shaped universe smaller than our own, just one billion light-years across (the observable universe has a diameter of about 93 billion light-years).

The project followed the formation of millions of galaxies within this section of the universe, in the largest hydrodynamic simulation ever exploring how cosmic structures developed.

It predicted a cosmic web of gas and dark matter which interacted to produce galaxies which were similar to real galaxies in shape and size. The researchers said that for the first time, the simulations have been able to directly compute the detailed clustering patterns of galaxies in space.

Note: Wouldn't it be better for the IllustrisTNG to use a torus to begin with rather than a cube for the matrix of their model? The torus is the proto-shape of the initial energetic outburst. It would never have been a cube.  Its form should be the basis for the next model's geometry for a more accurate outcome.  That's my two-cents.  

dr. cyd

"Most Realistic Black Hole" Looks a Lot Like the Simple Explanation

This article was posted this morning on Huffington Post. Wanted to share the video animation with you.  Look familiar?  Same dynamics. This is one of the primal fractal expressions of toroidal flow. 

Here's the Huffington article:

Behold The Most Realistic Black Hole Simulation Yet

The Huffington Post  |  By Jacqueline Howard

Posted: 04/22/2015 8:26 am EDT Updated: 04/22/2015 8:59 am EDT

What happens when two black holes collide? Spectacular new simulations show the swirling action like never before, and they're definitely worth a watch.

Dr. Stuart Shapiro, professor of physics at the University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, presented the simulations in Baltimore on April 13 at a meeting of theAmerican Physical Society.

"Our simulations of binary black holes merging in circumbinary magnetized disks of gas allow us to probe a cosmic event that astronomers believe occurs in distant active galaxies and quasars," Shapiro told The Huffington Post in an email.

(Story continues below.)

A sped-up version of one of the video simulations. (Click to see original).

Using Einstein's theory. What sets these black hole simulations apart from previous examples? The researchers used a full-blown treatment of Einstein's general theory of relativity to build their 3D simulation models on supercomputers -- marking the first time such simulations were done without having to guesstimate the data, Nature reported.

Einstein's equations describe the gravitational field around a black hole, and the researchers developed a mathematical model to pair the equations with equations that account for the motion of matter and magnetic fields.

“As a technical achievement, there’s no doubt that this is a giant step forward,” Dr. Cole Miller, a University of Maryland astronomer who was not involved in the research, told Nature.

Timely simulations. The new simulations come at just the right time. Last March, astronomers provided evidence of two black holes on paths to collide. Their research -- along with the new simulations -- could shed light on how black holes get close enough to merge.

Holy moly.

NASA Illustrates Galactic Plane in Super Massive Black Hole--It's a Torus!

Credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss

The Simple Explanation cosmological theory hypothesizes that there is a torus shape associated with all material forms in our universe. Comparing my chalk drawing below with NASA's illustration above shows that the galactic plane sitting inside a super massive black hole is the same location as the horizontal plane that bisects a torus.

Torus pole runs up and down the funnels, torus plane cuts the torus in two horizontally.
Chalk drawing by Cyd Ropp

Conventional astronomy readily identifies black holes as vortices. The Simple Explanation theory further proposes that these black hole vortices are simply the funnels of toruses scattered throughout the universe. Wherever black hole vortices are identified, it is easy enough to imagine that there is also an associated torus that is not necessarily seen.

Here's another NASA illustration of a black hole. You can see they are imagining the torus. See how the torus looks like the torus in the chalk drawing above?

In the following illustration and its accompanying description, NASA mentions the associated torus of dust.

Chandra X-Ray Observatory provided this composite X-ray (blue and green) and optical (red) image of the active galaxy NGC 1068 showing gas blowing away in a high-speed wind from the vicinity of a central supermassive black hole. Regions of intense star formation in the inner spiral arms of the galaxy are highlighted by both optical and x-ray emissions. A doughnut shaped cloud of cool gas and dust surrounding the black hole, known as the torus, appears as the elongated white spot . It has a mass of about 5 million suns and is estimated to extend from within a few light years of the black hole out to about 300 light years.

NASA Identifier: MSFC-0301628  Read more: http://www.dvidshub.net/image/751601/wind-and-reflections-black-hole-galaxy-ngc-1068#.UqYWwtiA200#ixzz2n0UCgvND

The difference between the way science currently thinks of these toruses and the way I think of them is this: astronomers think the torus is a by-product of the black holes, whereas I think the black hole vortices are the funnels of the torus shape. It's a cart-before-the-horse situation. A "which came first, the chicken or the egg?" situation. In other words, I am suggesting the dust clouds, the galactic planes, and the black holes vortices are really associated with the torus, which is the primordial shape. The black hole is the center of the torus. The vortices are the torus funnels. The galactic plane is the toroidal plane, and that is precisely why the matter accumulates there.

 

Do you see what I'm saying?

 

Toroid T-Shirts Here! Now!

I designed some merchandise today just in case any of you might enjoy wearing a funny toroid t-shirt or drinking your tea from a Simple Explanation mug.

Look--aren't they cute? Great conversation starters! Help me spread the word about toroids and units of consciousness! The shirts below are samples--all designs are available in all sizes and colors. Coffee mugs, too. These are produced as ordered and shipped directly to you from Cafe Press. Thank you.

View all my toroid designs at Simple Designs, Cafe Press.

you can buy this shirt and more at Simple Designs

you can buy this shirt and more at Simple Designs

you can buy this shirt and more at Simple Designs

you can buy this shirt and more at Simple Designs

you can buy this shirt and more at Simple Designs



Images of Toroids Surrounding Black Holes, Quantum Clouds, Our Earth

It's fun to browse images of toroids on the web.  Here's a beautiful torus I ran across this morning:

Here's the text from the website describing the black hole above:

"This artist's impression shows the thick dust torus that astronomers believe surrounds supermassive black holes and their accretion discs, like the one harboured in the nucleus of the spiral galaxy NGC 4388. When the torus is seen `edge-on’ as in this case, the visible light emitted by the accretion disc is partially blocked. However, the sharp X-ray and gamma-ray eyes of XMM-Newton and Integral can peer through the thick dust and see how the energy released by the accretion disc interacts with and is absorbed by the torus.
Credits: ESA, V. Beckmann (GSFC)

The Simple Explanation suggests that these toroidal forces energetically affect all manifestations of our universe--not just the very large energy centers of supermassive black holes. From an article here at the Simple Explanation:

The building blocks of our physical universe are tiny quantum clouds shaped like toroids. These tiny toroids combine at the microscopic level to form all of the variety we see around us. Larger toroidal forces shape the larger cosmological features of our universe

Imagine the image above is not of a supermassive black hole, but a subatomic particle. How might these protoforces affect the mass and energy of neighboring space? Can you see the energetic expressions of the toroidal shape in the photos below of Quantum Clouds? 

Quantum Clouds

Here are more toroidal-shaped astronomical features associated with our planet, solar system, and galaxy. The torus is a fundamental shape that gives rise to observable distributions of matter and energy throughout our universe.

Van Allen Belt



Van Allen Belt

Asteroid Belt

Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud

Gamma Ray Bubbles

Note how the gamma ray bubbles emanating from the plane of our Milky Way manifest the same forces acting upon the torus on the large scale as the sub-atomic cloud labeled "3d m+0" in the "Quantum Clouds" plate above.

Can you see the gamma ray bubbles' resemblance to the cross-section of the torus below? You may also notice that the white line I call the "pole" of the toroid, which is the only straight line able to pass through a singularity at the center of the torus shape, is also the plane of the Milky Way in the image above.  

This quick visual examination of the very small alongside the very large suggests there is no need for a theoretical schizm between the physics of the small and large. Is it possible that the mathematics needed to unite Newtonian physics with Quantum physics lies in a simple toroidal fractal formula?